Long-term weight loss success

By Lauren Weiss, Ph.D., CNS-S, CKNS, medical review by Dr. Bret Scher, MD Evidence based

Are you struggling to keep weight off that you worked so hard to lose? You’re not alone.

Many people find maintaining weight loss is a life-long battle. Studies tell us that about 40 to 50% of people worldwide are currently trying to lose weight — but only 25% of people who lose weight keep it off.

Oftentimes, people regain the lost weight and then try to lose it again, creating what is known as “yo-yo” dieting or weight cycling. Research shows that weight cycling can result in unhealthy changes to blood pressure, lipids, blood sugar, and insulin.

So, it is very important to find ways to not only lose weight but to keep it off.

Don’t worry. We can help. This guide will show you how.

Finding the right behavior

One important factor to consider is that the age-old message “eat less and move more” is often not the best path to long-term success for most people.

Another key concern is that many people who decide to lose weight often think of the weight loss process as a short-term event or “diet” — and not a lifestyle change. If you want long-term weight loss success, you likely cannot return to your old eating habits after you’ve lost the weight.

This guide will provide some insights about achieving weight loss, share research findings about people who have been successful, and give you some practical take-home tips for your weight loss journey.

The primary goal of any weight loss program is to produce a lasting and sustainable change in diet-related behaviors. We will break down what you need to know to create long-term weight success.

Why is it so hard to maintain weight loss?

Let’s first define successful weight loss. The action of losing weight does not make it “successful.”

Experts in the field define successful weight loss as “intentionally losing more than 10% of your initial weight and keeping it off for more than one year.”

For example, if you weighed 190 pounds (86 kilos) and lost more than 19 pounds (9 kilos) while keeping it off for at least one year, you would be considered a “weight loss success” story.

However, weight loss success is not an easy feat due to the interactions of biology, environment, and behavior.

First of all, our biology favors weight regain after weight loss, potentially as a powerful survival mechanism. From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense to view weight loss as a sign of trouble, such as a temporary famine, that needs to be corrected by adding pounds back on when food becomes available.

Adaptive changes in our appetite hormones (such as leptin and ghrelin) and energy balance when we lose weight actually tend to make us feel hungrier and therefore more likely to regain the weight.

Additionally, our current environment can be considered “obesogenic” (tending to cause obesity) due to the industrialization of our food supply and the constant promotion and availability of inexpensive, highly-processed, and palatable foods full of sugar and fat.

These two factors — our biology and the environment — are considered unmodifiable, meaning we do not have the power to change them to maintain our weight loss. However, we can “modify” our behaviors to help create successful weight loss and achieve long-term adherence to a dietary lifestyle change.

Research on people who have successfully lost weight

In order to gain insight into the problem, it helps to look at people who have been successful and learn from them.

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) was created in 1993 and is a vast database of information on individuals who have been successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance.

A 2001 report from NWCR explored data from approximately 3,000 people who lost more than 30 pounds (14 kilos) and kept it off for more than one year.

The three factors back then that were associated with most successful weight loss over a 10-year period were high levels of physical activity, high levels of restraint (self-control), and low levels of disinhibition, meaning they were better at suppressing an unwanted behavior.

Additionally, the report found that self-monitoring behaviors, such as calorie restriction and regular body weight measurements, were associated with success.

Other studies have similarly reported that self-monitoring behaviors such as meal planning and measuring food were associated with successful weight loss.

These results do not tell us what pattern of eating can help people maintain these habits, and that may be part of the problem. The NWCR evaluated people under the standard traditional teaching of eating less and moving more.

Do all eating patterns have similar success or failure when it comes to these behaviors? That is potentially helpful data we would like to know more about.

While most of the success factors are related to continuing the food behaviors that helped to create the weight loss, emerging research reveals that changes to other types of behaviors, such as those rooted in psychology, can elicit longer-lasting and even more successful weight loss.

What is behavioral nutrition?

Behavioral nutrition is an emerging field that links psychology and nutrition. Research in this area has helped us identify the psychological factors or behaviors that are associated with successful weight loss and long-term adherence to a dietary lifestyle change.

Dr. Isobel Contento of Teachers College Columbia University, who has been at the forefront of behavioral nutrition, sums it up nicely. “Research in this area focuses on diet-related behaviors, attitudes, and mindset that shape when, what, why, and how we eat. The concept of identifying personal behavioral factors that bring about successful weight loss and maintenance is the direction of the future in nutrition.”

What can we learn from behavioral nutrition?

Many human behaviors determine our life choices and decisions, but many people don’t make the connection that it is our behaviors that drive when, what, why, and how we eat. It is only when these behaviors are identified and modified, that we can create long-term adherence to a major change in our dietary lifestyle (or any lifestyle change, for that matter).

Behavioral nutrition research taps successful psychological models used to change lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and a sedentary lifestyle. One such model is the Stages of Change that identifies how ready people are to make significant changes and what type of behaviors can help them progress through the stages.

Other models look to common psychological traits and actions that aid successful change. These are self-efficacy (self-confidence in making a change), decisional balance (weighing the pros and cons of making a change vs not making a change), identifying barriers or obstacles to change, social support from family and friends, self-monitoring, self-motivation to exercise, and goal setting.

The research in behavioral nutrition is fairly limited but growing rapidly. What the research has identified to date is that there is not a one-size-fits-all approach. Identifying and working through these behaviors is a personal journey. The goal of any weight loss program should be to help you adopt the skills, confidence and sense of personal empowerment to control your drives and behaviors for the betterment of your health.

Here at Diet Doctor, our Weight Loss For Good and Coaching Program incorporate some of these behavioral techniques to help you bring about the most successful weight or health-related outcomes.

Is a low-carb lifestyle better for long-term success?

There is mounting and exciting evidence suggesting that a low-carb/keto lifestyle leads to greater weight loss success when compared to other diets.

Take home message

The main determinant of weight loss success and long-term adherence to a new dietary lifestyle is identifying and maintaining the behaviors that initially led to weight loss.

The primary goal is to create a way to make these behaviors become “habits” so you can continue to override the powerful biological and environmental factors that favor weight regain.

As mentioned earlier, this is a personal journey that requires dedication, commitment, self-regulation, and personal autonomy.

For some, the types of foods you eat or don’t eat, may influence your physiology and psychology enough to increase your chances of long-term success.

Tips for long-term weight loss success with a low-carb lifestyle

After reading this guide, you should have a good understanding of the forces which may make it difficult for some to achieve successful weight loss.

Fortunately, a low-carb/keto lifestyle in itself can increase your chances of success. However, identifying and finding ways to adhere to the behaviors that led to your initial success can increase the likelihood that you maintain a stable weight for life.

The following tips will help you on your journey to success:

1. Approach a “low-carb/keto diet” as a lifestyle rather than a diet.
2. Educate yourself on the benefits of a low-carb/keto lifestyle beyond that of weight loss. Think of weight loss as the added bonus!
3. Think about the behaviors that helped you to lose weight and find ways to continue adhering to those behaviors.
4. Set realistic goals and expectations.
5. Identify the obstacles or barriers to making a long-term change and think of ways to work around them.
6. Identify who your social support network will be and how they will support you for the long-term.
7. Incorporate intermittent fasting and physical activity into your low-carb lifestyle.
8. Seek out additional support from Diet Doctor or other low-carb practitioners or nutritionists to help create a new lifestyle.